Summarize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Sum up - Essay Example The scientist must follow the substance design in each section. All things considered, your seat may affirm another example in a way, which catches the peruser. General-to-explicit may be sufficient through giving outcomes at first and afterward evidence a while later, yet the scientist doesn't need to show the subtleties talked about in a previous section. Examining the reason of an exploration is the most fundamental segment in the last part. Taking a gander at the discoveries offers a quick response to the investigation question, which targets uncovering the hugeness of the examination instead of the subtleties. Provisional responses to investigate addresses offer an answer in deciding the substance of the section. At last, the analyst should a legitimate perception of the product used in examining information like Excel spreadsheets or Word reports. Programming is huge in information examination, just as introduction. The last paper must be a triumphant thesis. It must handle all examination issues, just as offer proposals for future investigation regions. A decent or immaculate examination expands on present information to create inventive

Oedipus Rex Essay Example For Students

Oedipus Rex Essay In Sophocless play Oedipus Rex Oedipus Even however destiny appears to decide Oedipus life, . he does infact have a through and through freedom. His decisions breathed life into the prescience. Just his choices (not affected by anyone) he made. Obviously those choices were in side of the cutoff points set by destiny. At the point when Oedipus heard a prediction that his going to slaughter his dad and lay down with his mom he fled, in any event, when he new there were doubts of him being the genuine child of his folks. There certain lines from the play: There was a man eating with us one day who had a lot of wine and man yelled at me-half alcoholic and yelling that I was not properly called my dads child. Without my folks information, I went to Delphi, yet Apollo didn't state what I had gone to hear. Rather, he responded to questions I had not solicited and told from repulsiveness and hopelessness past accept how I would know my moms terrible and cause the demise of my own dad. The pr escience drove the Oedipus away from home; the dread of the forecasts was a lot to live with. Oedipus did whatever it takes not to meet the prescience, and still when he came to Thebes and turned into a ruler Oedipus wedded a more established woman. It was his decision, in any event, when he knew there was a peril of him to know moms awful, he made it. Oedipus journey for truth was his decision. At the point when the Teiresias made an effort not to uncover reality, The Oedipus was the one, who made the minister to talk: This city furnished you life but then you decline to response! You talk as though you were her foe. For Gods purpose, in the event that you know, dont get some distance from us! We are arguing. We are imploring you. You won't tell? You beast! You could mix the stones of earth to a consuming anger! You will more up to date tell? What it will take? As the fact of the matter is getting uncovered: You, Oedipus, are the desecrator, the polluter of this land. Oedipus doesn 't accept (his decision). He (Oedipus) begin to blame Creon for truing to remove his forces (ruler). Also, still need to uncover entire truth. Subsequent to conversing with Jocasta Oedipus faces that he in reality may slaughtered the lord Laius. There was s messenger driving a carriage drawn by ponies and the man riding in the carriage The driver pushed. Out of resentment, I struck him. The elderly person saw it, went after his lash and held up till I had passed. At that point he struck me on the head. Be that as it may, he paid-gracious yes he paid. I murdered him. What's more, again that was a decision, he (Oedipus) realized that he will slaughter his own dad, in any event, when he murdered an elderly person he didnt thought of probability, that the elderly person may be his dad. Oedipus destiny was resolved before he was even conceived, and by attempting t o conquer it, he very recording in his situation in life which is a prediction. Oedipus believed that he oversmarted the Gods , yet in certainty each howdy move he made drew him nearer to forecast turning into a reality. Oedipus Essay (Fate) Sophocles Oedipus the King is a grievous play which talks about the awful disclosure of Oedipus that he has murdered his dad and hitched his mom. The account of Oedipus was notable to the athenians. Oedipus is the embodiement of the ideal Athenian. He is self-assured, savvy, and solid willed. Unexpectedly these are the very qualities which achieve his disastrous disclosure. Oedipus picked up the standard of Thebes by noting the conundrum of Sphinx. Sophocles utilized the puzzle of the sphinx as an analogy for the 3 periods of Oedipus life and to futher described him as a deplorable man. The Sphinx represented the accompanying conundrum to all who came to get the standard of thebes: What is it that strolls on 4 feet and 2 feet and 3 feet and has just one voice, when it strolls on most feet it is the most vulnerable? Oedipus effectively addressed Man and turned into the lord of Thebes. This enigma is an allegory for the life of Oedipus. As a kid man creeps on all fours this is the four feet to which the Sphinx alludes. Likewise man is at his most fragile as a little youngster. He relies exclusively upon others for his sustenance and prosperity. Oedipus was the offspring of Jocasta and King Laius who was taken to the mountain by a shepard to be slaughtered so the sign of the god apollo that Laius child would execute him and lay with Jocasta would not work out. Oedipus was the most vulnerable of his life now. On the off chance that it has not been for the shepard spairing his life and offering him to Polybus to raise as his own Oedipus would have kicked the bucket. Man strolls on 2 feet when he has developed. This is an allegory for Oedipus when he arrives at adulthood and leaves Corinth to get away from the prophet. Oedipus gets together with a band of explorers and in an anger slaughters them. Incidentally Oedipus has executed his own dad. Oedipus at that point answers the enigma of the sphinx and becomes lord of Thebes. By turning out to be ruler of Thebes he weds Jocasta the Queen of thebes and his own mom. Numerous years after the fact in the wake of bearing kids with Jocasta a plague murders a considerable lot of the occupants of Thebes. Oedipus is advised by the divine beings to discover the enemy of Laius. He is very dilligent in the inquiriy lastly goes to the ghastly truth that he himself is the killer. Jocasta slaughters herself at the ghastly acknowledgment that she has layed with her child and Oedipus puts out his eyes at last observing reality. This satisfies the last piece of the Sphinxs conundrum for Oedipus should stroll with a stick for an amazing remainder in view of his visual deficiency, this will give him the 3 feet which man strolls with toward the finish of his years. Oedipus utilized his astuteness and determination to answer the question of the Sphinx. A significant number of the most smart youngsters of thebes has been slaughtered endeavoring to answer the enigma however Oedipus demonstrated his insight better than theirs. Oedipus utilizes a similar insight and perseverence to discover the enemy of Laius. He doesn't surrender his pursuit in any event, when Jocasta cautions him to stop and let the issue rest. He calls the shepard and examines him till he finds the astonishing truth that he is the executioner. Oedipus insight was at last his imperfection. Additionally, if Oedipus had not had been as coarageous he would have never dared to answer the conundrum of the Sphinx. In this way despite the fact that he had executed his dad he would have never become lord of Thebes and laid with his mom. What's more, if Oedipus had the fearlessness yet not the insight the Spinx would have slaughtered him for noting the enigma inaccurately. Sophocles utilized this to portrayed Oedipus as a terrible man for he came about his disastrous revelation not as a result of a shrewd demonstration or a detestable characteristic but since of the individual he was. Oedipus characteristics which gave him wealth and influence at last prompted his awful completion. Additionally, the god apollo didn't foreordain that Oedipus would murder his dad and wed his mom by the prophet, he just expressed what he knew was inescapable on account of what oedipus' identity was. The sphinxs enigma was utilized by Sophocles to describe Oedipus as a heartbreaking man and as a corresponding to his life. The question depicts the 3 phases which Oedipus experienced in his life. Additionally in noting the puzzle Oedipus unavoidable realized his own sad consummation by a loathsome disclosure. . Oedipus doesn't unselfishly search out reality despite the fact that he realizes it will be agonizing for him, rather, he has no clue about what the result of his inquiry will be, denies reality every step of the way, and undermines the individuals who talk it. Numerous individuals may paint Oedipus as an extraordinar y man, bringing up that he seeks after reality at whatever individual expense and has the solidarity to acknowledge and suffer it when found. They respect that Oedipus was eager to bring himself down in his desire to locate his actual personality. Nonetheless, the main impetus of Oedipus reality discovering crucial an endeavor to end the illness that torment his city. He doesnt understand the individual results his chase will have for him, and his dedication to the fact of the matter depends on his obliviousness of it. Truth be told, on the off chance that we analyze his journey for personality, it becomes evident that the succession of occasions are very unplanned. To start with, he brings Tiresias to name the executioner, who Oedipus doesn't at the time accept to act naturally. Secon! The terrible legend Oedipus develops as anything other than a social individual. He may start that way, inspired by an authentic want to support the individuals, however what rises all through is uni que. It turns out to be plain to see that Oedipus is really, where it counts where it truly tallies, undeniably increasingly worried about his own feeling of self and requests for equity on his footing, than in trading off his wants like some other genuine pioneer would. This catastrophe advises us that even the most valiant, those known all through the world for their insight, are bound in the event that they set themselves facing the secret of life itself, and on the off chance that they attempt to compel life to answer them, they are going to fall to pieces. Oedipus Rex Bliss in Ignorance Oedipus Rex Bliss in Ignorance One of the most paramount and significant Socratic statements applies well when in setting of Sophocles Theban Trilogy. The unexamined life does not merit living, broadcasts Socrates. He could have implied numerous things by this announcement, and corresponding to the play, the importance is seen as much increasingly mind boggling. In reality, the circumstance of O edipus, lord of Thebes, reality of this announcement is being referred to. Would Oedipus have been exceptional off on the off chance that he was ignorant concerning the information on his birthing and the destiny which was predicted to sometime come upon him? Really however, his life would have been a much better and simpler way had he never thought about his actual inceptions. His life in Corinth would have been long and prosperous, and Thebes would have lived on under King Laius. Truth be told, everybody would have been exceptional off over the long haul if Oedipus had not wandered out past the dividers of Corinth. So is it worth carrying on with an inspected life? Socrates had offered this expression long after the production of the Theban Trilogy. With regards to his own time, this was intended to suggest that life must be analyzed and reflected upon, known and found by every individual thinker to all the more likely improve life for all. However regarding Sophoclean show, expli citly Oedipus Rex, this was implied in an incomprehensibly unique

Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capacities - Essay Example Moreover, having an extraordinary instructive foundation can give the official the certainty to handle circumstances that current themselves in the day by day exercises, for instance; the trepidation of lawbreakers. Getting search and seizure laws may here and there be the distinction between catching a lawbreaker and giving them an escape prison free card. Sergeants in police powers the world over need to have understanding in order to order a police unit. On all that, it is basic to have the instruction in the field in order to permit the official being referred to stay faithful to those they may serve, and request an advancement when everything looks good. As the recently designated Police Chief, it is my obligation to assess the instructive foundation of the person being referred to, beginning with the essential part of correspondence. The idea of having a remarkable instructive foundation doesn't make a difference much if the individual is unequipped for appropriately speaking with others (Ross 267). People in this position are confronted with the tough assignment of conveying all the time with their units, as this issue of correspondence might involve life and passing. The secondary school certificate and two years of advanced education are likewise part of the limited time prerequisites. The advancement of sergeants to lieutenants dependent on training as the central factor is imperative. People looking for this must at any rate gloat of a bachelor’s qualification or any affirmation higher than the bachelor’s certificate. Ongoing investigations show that officials who look for advancements and have a high instructive foundation have a higher possibility of getting advancements, and simultaneously, might be better prepared to deal with the undertakings and duties that accompany policing (Ross 273). Discussions have been on the ascent with respect to whether instruction is significant in policing, and as I would see it, it is a vital

Lack of Diversity in Prison Staff Research Paper

Absence of Diversity in Prison Staff - Research Paper Example Because of their examination, Nicholas and Mary (1993) had the option to discover a considerable amount of resemblances and contrasts in the impression of work in jail among the staff individuals which were affected by their sex. So as to improve workers’ inspiration for work, it is basic that their sexual orientation based necessities are mulled over and the arrangements are structured in like manner. Ladies acquire decent variety work power as far as sex. Advantages acquired from this variety in the amendments calling must be boosted by paying regard to the view of ladies alongside men. There are a few snags in the method of giving imprisoned understudies training that is viable just as steady with their individualistic needs. Nature inside jail is an aftereffect of the exacting necessities of security. Detainees are bolted up, and are checked unequaled. They are tallied and are deliberately administered. These attributes of the way of life predominant in correctional facili ties force a great deal of challenges in the method of learning for detained understudies. Such a large number of limitations don't leave any strong component in nature in a prison for considers. The jail staff puts significantly more weight on rebuffing the detained youngsters than urging them to improve their propensities. This conduct of the jail staff assumes a major job in underestimating training in prison. This is the central motivation behind why training and learning is seen by many detained understudies as something past as far as possible. The greater part of the training gave to detained understudies is of the most essential level. In a dominant part of cases, these understudies are furnished with almost no advanced education by any means. Training and learning, all in all, is comprehended by both the staff working in a jail and the detained parcel as a â€Å"elite† task (Watts, 2010). In his exploration, Watts (2010) made an endeavor to investigate the impediment s generally experienced by understudies in the method of increasing advanced education when they are detained in an ordinary prison setting. The examination was especially centered around contemplating the different functional and association explicit confinements experienced by the teachers while they will in general furnish the detained understudies with instruction in a totally non-traditional and perilously foolish learning condition. Watts (2010) especially found that coordinated training strategy enormously improves a student’s ability to learn in the kind of condition that is routinely developed in correctional facilities. With the adjustments in the socioeconomics in United States, the projects offered in prisons which are aimed at the recovery of the detained individuals have been vigorously influenced. As indicated by the data recorded by the US Census, the number of inhabitants in minority in prisons would change into a larger part till 2010 (Marshal, 2001). Female detainees in jail that used to be a minority in the past are promptly expanding on a yearly premise because of the impression of United States in the detained populace. Just through the span of multi decade finishing 2001, the number of inhabitants in

It All Begins With Attitude Essays - Social Psychology, Attitude

Everything Begins With Attitude Everything BEGINS WITH ATTITUDE from the workshop Getting THROUGH LIFE'S BOUNDARIES by Pat Spithill Workshop Leader * Author * Keynote Speaker (C) Copyright, 1989, Pat Spithill P.O. Box 505 * Hutchins, Texas 75141 214-225-8051 This material may not be recreated or changed without composed authorization of the creator and copyright holder. The Importance of Attitude The Merriam-Webster Dictionary characterizes disposition as a psychological position or feeling as to an item. The psychological positions or emotions are our considerations, convictions and conclusions. The item is life. In other words, mentalities include the entirety of the considerations, convictions and suppositions which individuals have about their lives. More than 2500 years prior, Buddha stated, All that we are is the consequence of what we have thought; it is established on our contemplations. On the off chance that a man talks or acts with unadulterated idea, bliss tails him, similar to a shadow that never leaves him. Buddha additionally stated, It is a man's own brain - not his foe or his enemy that draws him into insidious ways. An individual's mentality, what Buddha was talking about, is the very establishment on which their background's has been, is, and will be fabricated. All aspects of the truth is the aftereffect of an individual's perspectives. In straightforward terms, our perspectives reflect what we anticipate from life. This shouldn't be mistaken for what we need, dream or trust in. Nobody needs to be despondent, have an exhausting existence or think back throughout the years with regret and lament. However, so frequently as opposed to expecting the best life brings to the table, individuals anticipate a lot the inverse. They anticipate issues and get issues; anticipate frustrations furthermore, are baffled; hope to flop and afterward, instead of experience the wanted achievement, they come up short. On the off chance that perspectives are the psychological assumptions regarding employments, connections, budgetary status, etc, at that point these extremely ground-breaking musings must be the components which set the course for our lives and predetermination. It isn't life's conditions which make the mentalities; it's the perspectives which make life's conditions. At the point when individuals change their desires and mentalities, at that point their lives should most likely change too. I know a man of his word who, in the late 1960's, filled in as a repossessor of logging trucks. Maybe, make a psychological picture of an individual who approaches husky truck drivers and says, I need to either have an installment or the keys, whichever you need. I would picture somebody about 6'3 and 220 pounds of strong muscle. As it occurs, Jim Cathcart is 5'9, rather thin and not the strong sort. Individuals who repossess vehicles, abandon homes, or work for assortment organizations will in general be negative scholars. Be that as it may, one day Jim heard a radio program with a message about the intensity of uplifting desires. He changed his mentalities and started making arrangements for and anticipating an energizing achievement filled future. Today, Jim Cathcart is a universally perceived pioneer in the field of deals and the board workshops and counseling. Jim has composed eight books, is the co-writer of Relationship Strategies, an untouched top selling sound tape program from Nightingale-Conant, and is one of the most generously compensated experts in his business. And all since he expected to succeed, he expected as well as could be expected give. This article about structure the establishment for your life on the solid squares of an uplifting demeanor will cover four things: the wellspring of mentalities; the contrast between mandate mentalities and responsive perspectives, how the word Stop can assist you with keeping up and reinforce uplifting perspectives, and explicit abilities and procedures for building desires for an awesome and energizing life. Mentalities - Directive or Reactive The vast majority neglect to ever intentionally assume responsibility for their lives, living helpless before the overall breezes of destiny. Their mentalities are responsive in nature as opposed to mandate. These individuals continually react to evolving conditions as opposed to making circumstances which suit their motivations. If you somehow managed to lose your employment today, how might you respond? What feelings okay feel? OK be irate, enraged, harmed, disillusioned? Would you return home, feel awful and beat-up on yourself for a considerable length of time? Somewhat finished a year back, not long before my awesome spouse Jan and I migrated to the Dallas region from Denver, the organization for which she worked experienced what can as it were be called grievous changes. Throughout four months, the firm laid- off 90% of its work power, around 85 individuals. Because of diminishing incomes, it

Ways to Cope With Stress When You Stop Smoking

Ways to Cope With Stress When You Stop Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print How to Deal With Stress While You Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 05, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on October 24, 2019 James Braund/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery What triggers the urge to smoke the most for you? Anger? Boredom? Fatigue? Joy? If youre like most people, you associate all of these feelings with smoking, but stress/anger probably stands out as your number one smoking trigger. When youre stressed, the urge to smoke can be intense. As a smoker, you might think that you need cigarettes to keep calm. But in fact, smoking creates more stress than it dispels. Learning how to cope with stress without a cigarette is difficult when you first quit smoking. But with a few tools and some practice, youll find its less challenging than you might have expected. Components of Recovering From Nicotine Addiction There are two main components of recovery from nicotine addiction: physical withdrawal from nicotine and healing the mind of the habits associated with smoking. Managing Nicotine Withdrawal Physically, your body reacts to withdrawal from nicotine as well as the thousands of chemicals present in the cigarette smoke you inhale. This phase of recovery creates stress of its own that you must be prepared to cope with. Having an awareness of how stress fits in as a byproduct of early recovery from nicotine addiction, as well as a few tools to deal with the discomforts, will help you manage it successfully. Tackling Mental Challenges On an emotional level, smoking cessation forces you to deal with the loss of cigarettes as a crutch you leaned on to manage your feelings. For many people, dealing with the mental challenges can be one of the most difficult aspects of smoking cessation. Managing Stress When Quitting Your Nicotine Addiction Use the 10 tips and strategies below to help you cope with stress when you quit smoking. Be patient with yourself and allow recovery to unfold for you as it will. Remember, release from nicotine addiction comes gradually, as you erase old associations and habits one by one, replacing them with new, healthier choices. In time, youll find that stress is more easily managed smoke-free than it ever was when you were smoking. What Should You Do Before You Stop Smoking? Dont Neglect Yourself Early cessation is a time when you should be taking extra care to make sure all of your needs are being met. Following these simple guidelines will help you weather nicotine withdrawal more comfortably: Eat a well-balanced diet. Your body needs good quality fuel now as it works to flush the toxins out of your system.Drink water. Water is a great quitting aid. It helps you detox more quickly and works well as a craving-buster. And by keeping yourself hydrated, youll feel better overall. Drink plenty of water throughout the day.Take a daily multivitamin. Give your body the boost that a good multivitamin provides for the duration of the withdrawal process. Cigarettes deplete so many nutrients, and vitamins may help you rebound more quickly from the nicotine withdrawal symptoms that you experience. Cut Out Caffeine When you quit smoking, the amount of coffee or caffeinated colas youre accustomed to might now make you jittery and anxious. Reduce caffeine intake, or cut it out completely for a while, especially if youre having trouble sleeping through the night. Chances are, once youre through the withdrawal process, youll be able to drink coffee again, though perhaps not in the same quantity as before quitting. Take a Warm Bath Enoying a bath is a great way to relax and de-stress. And yes, its good for the guys too. Light a few candles, use some scented bath salts, and submerge. Get a Massage Enlist your partner or another willing pair of hands to help work the stress out of your muscles. If you can get a full body massage, great, but even 10 or 15 minutes spent on your neck, shoulders, face, and scalp can work wonders. Our bodies tend to hold onto the tension we feel in our muscles, and a good massage is worth its weight in gold as a means to relieve stress. Put on Your Walking Shoes A short walk every dayâ€"even for 15 minutesâ€"will help you manage stress as you withdraw from nicotine. Walking reduces edginess and improves circulation. Exercise releases endorphins, the feel good hormone. So, when the urge to smoke strikes, head out for a walk around the block. Youll come back refreshed and relaxed. Get Enough Sleep The early days of smoking cessation are tiring. Your body is stressed and so is your mind. Allow more time for sleep if you need it and can manage it. Dont worry: The weariness youre feeling wont last forever. Your energy will return soon. Visualize Close your eyes and create a place in your mind that you can go to when you need to slow down and relax. It could be a real location or imaginary, but make it yours. Use the same place every time so it becomes familiar and comfortable. As you settle in, start to follow your breathing, and slow it down gradually. Breathe deeply in and out for 3 to 5 minutes. How to Use Visualization to Relax and Manage Stress Deep Breathing Deep breathing is a quick way to calm edgy nerves and reduce stress. Breathe in through your nose for a count of three and exhale through your mouth for a count of three. Repeat this for a few minutes, and the tension in your body will begin to fall away. Focus on Today We spend so much time thinking about everything but the day we have in front of us. Dont worry about tomorrow or forever. Dont get lost in feelings of fear about never being able to smoke again. Think instead about today and resolve to make the most of it. You have the ability to stay smoke-free just for today, dont you? Thats all you need to do. Baby steps! Dont let feelings of worry about tomorrow intimidate you today. Dont Take Yourself Too Seriously You will have bad days. Expect and accept that. Such is smoking cessation, and such is life. On those off days, resolve to put yourself on ignore. Sometimes the best thing we can do is to get out of our own way. Our minds can make small issues huge, and make a drama out of every little thing when our moods are out of whack. When youre having a bad day, think pamper. Be good to yourself; allow for a treat or two, and put your thoughts on hold. Tomorrow will find you feeling better and grateful to still be smoke-free. Stress is part of life, and learning how to manage it smoke-free is part of successful cessation. With time and practice, your smoke-free life will flow with ease. 10 Things to Stop Doing When You Quit Smoking

The Evolution of Jonathan Clarkes Fitness Platform - Free Essay Example

Review of Start-up Process Origin of Ideas All aspiring entrepreneurs must start with an idea. Although many people believe that entrepreneurs are ‘lucky people’ who had ‘Eureka moments’ research has shown that new venture ideas can originate from varies methods including idea search, experience, and effectuation in action. Idea discovery is the action of revealing something generally unknown and generating wealth from the idea (Fiet 2007). Idea search is a form of ‘idea discovery’, which involves entrepreneurs searching for their ‘big idea’. Neoclassical and psychological theories believe that opportunity discovery is mechanical, as these schools of thought suggest that all people can identify opportunity and that people’s attributes and willingness to take action determines who becomes an entrepreneur. The Austrian theories does not view idea discovery as mechanical as once the assumption of everyone having the same complete set of information is removed any individual cannot identify all possible opportunities (Shane 2000). This concept has been developed into ‘alertness perspective’, which involves entrepreneurs accidently identifying a discovery that generates wealth without directly searching for it. This implies that true discoveries are unplanned, cannot be anticipated and therefore occur accidently (Fiet 2007). The major limitation of alertness perspective for aspiring entrepreneurs is that it can not offer them any guidance, other than to remain alert (Fiet 2007). Demsetz (1983) states that â€Å"if [alertness] is the essence of [entrepreneurial competence], there is another more familiar name for it – luck†. After discussing alertness perspective Fiet (2007) discusses the introduction of the ‘constrained systematic search’ concept that he developed. This concept relieves concerns linked to ‘alertness perspective’ by refocusing on the search of known information sources as opposed to the vague search for unknown venture ideas. The basis of this approach is to narrow the search area by focusing on areas the entrepreneur already has knowledge/information and experience. This concept links to Kacperczyk and Younkin’s (2017) discussion in The Paradox of breadth. This article discusses how past studies imply that there is a paradox of functional breadth, where entrepreneurs with a wide range of skills may be viewed as illegitimate as they enter a new market. This article discovered that entrepreneurs with a wide set of skills in a narrow market are viewed as more legitimate. Therefore, focusing on a narrower, constrained area in which the entrepreneur has previ ous knowledge will increase the likeness of discovering a business idea that they can pursue. Some entrepreneurial ideas may be a result of a spin off from a previous employment. These are start-ups established by entrepreneurs who have previously worked in the field. Spin-off entrepreneurs can be seen as superior to people setting up ‘de novo’ companies as they have prior experience in the field and may already have contacts in the field (Buendtorf and Costa 2018). From reading literature on idea generation, I believe that aspiring entrepreneurs should remain alert as they may discover an opportunity and focus on areas where they already have knowledge. Pre-founding Experience From my analysis of entrepreneurial literature, I conclude that most ideas and discoveries made by entrepreneurs are due to pre-founding experience or knowledge. This strengthens my opinion that not everybody can become an entrepreneur as discoveries are linked to the information you already possess. An article written by Scott Shane (2000) supports this theory as he states that â€Å"People recognise those opportunities related to information that they already possess†. He moves on to discuss how different people comprise of different information due to the different lives the live. Therefore, only some people will be aware of specific customer issues and gaps in the market. Buendtorf and Costa (2018) also support this concept as they state, ‘knowledge and skills acquired in prior employment are crucial determinants of entrepreneurial performance’. Fiet’s (2007) constrained systematic search concept also considers prior experience, which he defines as â€Å"understandings derived from a person’s occupation, on-the job routines, job related technology, specialised education, social relations and hobbies.† Venkataraman (1997) suggests that discoveries are generally a result of knowledge acquired from prior experience. As everybody’s prior experience is different, entrepreneurs are not equally competent to discover a wealth generating venture idea. Neoclassical economic theories disagree with this concept, and assume that people can discover the same opportunities, irrelevant to the knowledge and experience of the discoverer. This school of thought proposed an equilibrium theory, which does not allow people to an opportunity that others may not. This means that those who identify an idea are individuals that choose to become an entrepreneur. In contrast the Austrian theories believe that different people become entrepreneurs, based on the information that they obtain. People who possess ‘idiosyncratic’ information enables them to identify particular opportunities that others cannot see. Resource Mobilisation Idea generation is only the first step in an entrepreneur’s journey to success. Once they have developed a viable business idea an entrepreneur must determine how he is going to fund it. Rawhouser, Villanueva and Newbert (2017) subdivide resource acquisition into ‘projective strategy’ and ‘interpersonal strategy’. Entrepreneurs can use different tools to leverage capital; words, actions, associations and in-tangibles. Projective strategy is orientated around the venture idea. It involves the entrepreneur selling his vision of the business to a resource gatekeeper. The gatekeeper then offers the entrepreneur resources if they believe that they will benefit from the venture (Rawhouser, Villanueva and Newbert 2017). A study carried out in 2003 proves that storytelling can help an entrepreneur secure resources for their venture (Martins, Jennings and Jennings 2007). Effective storytelling will help an entrepreneur succeed if he is attempting to acquire resources through a projective strategy. In contrast interpersonal strategy focuses on the entrepreneur themselves and their relationships with third parties. They leverage new and existing relationships to acquire capital and other resources for their ventures (Rawhouser, Villanueva and Newbert 2017). Start-up companies may also leverage their potential consumers to generate resources. If a customer realises the value of the product, they may be willing to help resource it. The leverage assistance value proposition can help clarify what support and resources the customer firm will provide the start-up company and also show what they receive in return. This proposition comes after the start-up company has already convinced the customer of the value of their business proposition (Wouters, Anderson, and Kirchberger 2018). Resourcing Entrepreneurs can generate financial resources in several ways, including customer funding, crowdsourcing and venture capitalists. Bootstrapping is a common way for entrepreneurs to start funding their business. It involves starting your business with restricted funds, and possibly sharing workspaces and borrowing equipment. Customer funding is a beneficial way to fund your start-up as it provides the financial resources you need while allowing you to focus on developing your business idea without the distraction of chasing investors (Mullins 2013). Although it seems like a strange concept to have your customers fund our start-up, when you consider that you already pay certain professional before receiving any product/service, the idea develops into numerous opportunities. Mullins (2013) identified five ways to gather resources using customer funding. The matchmaker model, the deposit model, the subscription model the standardise and resell model and the scarcity model. Each of these models assist an entrepreneur, with restricted funds, in launching their business (Mullins 2013). Crowdsourcing is another potential avenue to generate resources for a start-up company. Although the concept of having many people funding your start-up is not a new idea there have been platforms developed in recent years to support crowdfunding. It involves numerous investors investing smaller amounts to help a start-up generate financial resources (Mulcahy2013). Companies like Kickstarter have encouraged crowd funding for new businesses, making it cheaper, easier to access and removing the geographical restriction that was there in the past (Fleming, and Sorenson 2016). Unfortunately, there are some drawbacks to crowdsourcing, with the main one being that most start-ups fail within the first four years. Those that have invested in these unfortunate start-ups lose everything (Fleming, and Sorenson 2016). Venture capitals (VC) have been known to have funded some of the most successful companies worldwide when they were start-ups. Kaplan and Lerner (2010) simply define VC’s as a solution to a problem, â€Å"matching entrepreneurs with an idea and no money to an investor with money, looking for a new idea†. However, receiving funding from a venture capitalist is a rare occurrence, and even at that, having a VC fund your company does not guarantee success. There are three activities involved when a VC wants to pursue a start-up. Firstly, they analysis and screen potential business’s, secondly, they draw up a detailed contract and finally they provide start-up companies with advice, contacts and experience in the given field of the new company (Kaplan and Lerner 2010). Venture Creation Process In the early stages of a business, the entrepreneur may improvise from time to time. Although improvisation may be a reaction to an unexpected issue, in some occasions an entrepreneur may tactically improvise. Improvisation can be divided into four broad domains; the occurrence of strategic improvisation; tactical improvisation rising to the level of strategy; network bricolage; and improvisational competencies (Baker, Miner, and Eesley 2003). Improvisation can be essential in some start-ups in markets of high uncertainty as there no previous business to learn from. It can lead to the development of the business idea, contribute to the business’s strategy, network bricolage, which is drawing on the resources already available and finally, improvisational competencies or routines and patterns used to enhance the effects of their improvisation (Baker, Miner, and Eesley 2003). Effectuation is another method of venture creation. Similar to network bricolage it involves using resources that are already available to develop your business. These resources may be capital, skills or connections. With effectuation the means available are considered instead of the end result. Due to this plans and goals can change and the entrepreneur is always improvising (Sarasvathy 2001). The opposite of effectuation is causation. Causation focuses on the end goal and selects the means or resources necessary to achieve this goal. This method may be used where the future is more predictable. Entrepreneurs have been known to successfully use both causation and effectuation in their businesses (Sarasvathy 2001). Effectuation has four main principles that contrast with causation. Effectuation is focused around affordable loss rather than causations expected return. When using effectuation, a business considers strategic partnerships as opposed to competitive analysis. They leverage contingencies to generate profit, instead of using pre-existing knowledge. Finally, they aim to take control of an unpredictable future as opposed to predicting an uncertain future (Sarasvathy 2001). Evolution of Ventures Scaling a business can be very difficult for many entrepreneurs. In the early days, the company may have little, or very liberal strategy. As the company grows a management system needs to be introduced, and the entrepreneur needs to develop some strategy for the company so that employees can remain focused. As the company grows the entrepreneur will need to introduce a more structured management system. Studies have proven that there is a link between an established management system and company growth (Davila, Foster and Jia 2010). The introduction to an established management system can help establish focus with the company. Hamm (2002) wrote that entrepreneurs need to learn to focus on crucial tasks. Focusing on smaller, less important tasks can skew the focus of the whole company. Having a defined management team focus on specific goals can help the company grow. When scaling a business, entrepreneurs need to understand that their own ways may not be enough, and they need to develop their skills to help the company grow. They need to learn to put the company first and not let loyalty affect the company. If an employee that they were friends with prior to employing them is not a correct fit with the company the entrepreneur needs to let them go. They can’t choose friendship over the scaling of the company (Hamm 2002). When an entrepreneur scales it is important to consider their past experiences and life issues, as they may subconsciously link to their decision making. This is known as the psychodynamic school of thought and it maintains that’s a person’s past experiences and life issues may contribute to their personal and professional life decisions (Kisfalvi 2002). In the early days of the start-up this personal aspect is what gets the company started. However, as the company scales, the entrepreneur’s own experiences and decisions may not be what is best for the company (Kisfalvi 2002). That is why it is essential for entrepreneurs to be openminded and willing to learn about all aspects of the company when they scale. Being single-minded and solely focusing on the product, and not the business as a whole could jeopardize the whole company (Hamm 2002). Review of entrepreneurs There is no definite answer to the question ‘Are Entrepreneurs born or made?’. If entrepreneurs are born it would linked to traits that they have grown up with, confidence, social skills and determination. In contrast, if entrepreneurs are made, they are made up of skills they have acquired through their life. Although I can not answer the question are entrepreneurs born or made, I can conclude that I believe that not everyone can become an entrepreneur. Robert Baron (2004) supports this by writing that individual mental processes contribute to everything we think, say and do. Optimistic bias, entrepreneurial alertness and systematic processing are all mental processes that vary from person to person. These contribute to how people can analyse situations, identify business ideas and remain optimistic when pursuing a business idea (Baron 2004). Not all people will have the correct frame of mind to carry out these processes. An entrepreneurial idea is not worth anything unless people are willing to invest and or purchase the product or service. Having people believe in your entrepreneurial idea is a major contribution to the success of the idea and I firmly believe that social capital and social skills can help to enhance this success. Social capital is actual and penitential resources generated from an individual’s relationships with others. Reputation, social class and referrals are all examples of social capital. Social skills are how an individual acts and behaves around and with others.These two combined in my opinion are crucial traits for successful entrepreneurs. (Baron and Markman 2000). Many people view entrepreneurs as creative risk-takers, who have a high need for achievement. Although these seem like daring, striving characteristics, they can also be deemed as negatives. Kets de Vries (1985) wrote an article on â€Å"The dark side of entrepreneurship†, which details how some entrepreneurs are the cause of their own demise. The need for control, sense of distrust and need for applause can engulf some entrepreneurs and skew their focus from developing their own businesses.

How Business Process Management ( Bpm ) - 1339 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Over the past years, firms have faced unpredicted changes: globalization, political realignment, and rapid advance of information technology. Against this background the concept of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) quickly caught the imaginations of corporate leaders. (Kettinger et al., 2007). The recruitment process in the Public Service - Office of the Prime Minister is indeed a long process and the question is, how Business Process Management (BPM) principles and technologies can be used to shorten the recruitment process within the Office of the Prime Minister? According to (Harmon, 2003) â€Å"Definitions of Business Process Management (BPM) range from IT-focused views to BPM as a holisticManagement practice. The†¦show more content†¦The intention is to blend multiple channels taken during the recruitment process to achieve the intended benefits of the public service and that of the applicant using BPM principles and tools. Fueled by the continuing demand for corporate transformation, there has been a flood of BPR consultants and a proliferation of methodologies, techniques, and tools (MTTs) for conducting business process change projects. Faced with this onslaught, BPR project planners often confused as to which methods are best suited for the project at hand (Ives 1994). This research will seek to detail the current lengthy recruitment process within the Public Service and the impact it has on the Public Service. The report will illustrate the scope, business case, analysis for improving the recruitment process in terms of BPtrends methodology. Collected feedback from applicants, Chief Human Resource officer, Public Service Commission, and Department Human Resource Management-Policy Analysts, Permanent Secretary, Supervisor can help to maintain an effective and efficient recruitment process. This paper is structured as follows. The 1st section will illustrate the current recruitment process OPM and the challenges faced, 2nd section is the definition of the used methodology being used to shorten the current business process, 3rd , 4th and 5th section provide a Process scoping

A Guide to Saying Aunt in Chinese

There are many terms for aunt in Chinese depending on whether the aunt is on the mothers side, fathers side, the eldest aunt, or the youngest aunt. Also, each region in China has its own way of saying aunt. Across the board, the most common term for aunt in Chinese is  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­). Pronunciation   The Chinese term for aunt or auntie is composed of two characters: é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨. The pinyin for the first character é˜ ¿ is Ä . Thus, é˜ ¿ is pronounced in the 1st tone. The pinyin for the second character Ã¥ § ¨ is yà ­. That means Ã¥ § ¨ is pronounced in the 2nd tone. In terms of  tones,  Ã©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ can also be referred to as a1 yi2. Term Use é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­) is a general term that can be used to refer to  a family member, but it can also refer to people outside of the family. While it is considered polite to formally address female acquaintances as Miss or Mrs. in America, Chinese culture errs on the more familiar side. When addressing friends of parents, parents of friends, or elder females acquaintances in general, it is common to call them é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨ (Ä  yà ­).  In that way, this term is akin in auntie in English. Different Family Members As mentioned earlier, there are many ways to say aunt in Chinese depending on many factors. Here is a short breakdown of different terms for aunt in Mandarin Chinese. Ã¥ §â€˜Ã¥ §â€˜ (gÃ… «gu):  fathers sisterÃ¥ © ¶Ã¥ © ¶ (shÄ›nshen):  fathers brothers wifeÃ¥ § ¨Ã¥ ª ½ (traditional) /  Ã¥ § ¨Ã¥ ¦Ë† (simplified) (yà ­mÄ ):  mothers sister舅å ª ½ (traditional) /  Ã¨Ë†â€¦Ã¥ ¦Ë† (simplified) (jià ¹mÄ ):  mothers brothers wife Sentence Examples Using  Ã„€yà ­ Ä€yà ­ là ¡i le!é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¤ ¾â€ Ã¤ ºâ€ ! (traditional Chinese)é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¦  ¥Ã¤ ºâ€ ! (simplified Chinese)Auntie is here! TÄ  shà ¬ bà ¹shà ¬ nÇ  de Ä yà ­?Ã¥ ¥ ¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ½  Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©Ëœ ¿Ã¥ § ¨(both traditional and simplified Chinese)Is she your aunt? Ä€yà ­ hÇŽo!é˜ ¿Ã¥ § ¨Ã¥ ¥ ½! (both traditional and simplified Chinese)Hi, Auntie!

Changes Brought on By the Renaissance Period Essay

16th century Europe was a time of religious and social change. It was a time of new art, architecture, and literature through the Renaissance and new discoveries through the scientific revolution. The 16th century also brought about great change in religion through the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. The Protestant Reformation and Catholic Reformation of the 16th century greatly changed individual freedoms, individual liberties, and the influence of religion. The start of the Protestant Reformation came when Martin Luther posted his 95 Thesis on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica â€Å"Reformation†) Luther believed the Catholic Church was corrupt, citing the indulgences as a main example. In†¦show more content†¦(Kreis, Steven. Lecture 4) The people of the 16th century were starting to think for themselves and, along with questioning the authority in the church, were starting to question reason and governments through revolutions. In response to the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church began a campaign, known as the Catholic Reformation, to gain back members of the church and dissuade from the Protestant Reformation. From 1545 to 1563 the Council of Trent, a group of Catholic Church officials, met to discuss the wrongdoings of the Catholic Church and the ways it could be reformed. (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica â€Å"Counter-Reformation†) A group known as Jesuits traveled across Europe to help renew the membership of the Catholic Church, later leading to the missionary practices that spread Catholicism across the world. (Wood 264) The Thirty Years’ War in Germany during the early 17th century brought about the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which allowed for regions to choose their own religion. (Wood 264) The result of the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation and the religious wars that followed was an increase in religious practices and religious diversity throughout Europe and mu ch of the World. The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation brought about great change for the social order of 16th century Europe. During the age of new inventions and ideas, Martin Luther was ableShow MoreRelatedWhat a Writer Needs to Capture Historical Event770 Words   |  3 Pageswriter needs perceptive vision, absorptive capacity, and creative strength.† ~Lawrence Clark, a writer. This might be what the writers of the Renaissance had in mind: what all people of the Renaissance had in mind. The Renaissance happened during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Renaissance gets its name from the French word ‘rebirth’, which is what the Renaissance is seen as by bringing back the great ancient Greek and Roman works. From the lesser known writers such as Thomas Decker and Samuel DanielRead MoreRenaissance And The Renaissance Era915 Words   |  4 Pages Renaissance The Renaissance era was a time of great change in music, art, literature, and science. 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Of the many chang es that occurred, politics and power, humanism, and the Protestant Reformation predominated. Many desired a strong central government and an end to feudalism, which gave way for the establishment of monarchies (â€Å"Introduction to RenaissanceRead MoreThe Bubonic Plague And The Renaissance865 Words   |  4 PagesHistory I 10 February 2015 The Bubonic Plague and the Renaissance The Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death, is believed to have originated in China and was brought to Europe in the mid 1300s by traveling merchants. Outbreaks of this epidemic traveled across the continent and spared no one; neither young nor old were immune to its deadly powers. Its rapid spread decimated nearly half of the European population during a short period of less than 15 years. The plague dramatically affectedRead MoreThe Literary Works Of Middle Age And Renaissance1209 Words   |  5 PagesRoss Blakley Mr. Hopp World Lit 3/21/16 Middle age and Renaissance Introduction The Renaissance started after the plague in the fourteenth and fifteenth hundreds of years and was fueled by warriors coming back from the Crusades. There was restored enthusiasm for ancient Greek and Roman craftsmanship. Individuals were incorporated into craftsmanship. Work of art was no more only delineations of heavenly themes. There was new enthusiasm for science, the earth and logic. This paper aims at evaluatingRead MoreAhist 1401: Unit 4 Written Assignment. In An Essay, Discuss880 Words   |  4 Pagesstylistic periods from this unit (Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo), and explain how the artist used new scientific knowledge in creating their work. Between the 15th and 18th centuries, art went from the renaissance to baroque to Rococo. There was a distinct connection between science and art. Artists like Joseph Wright â€Å"invented a new subject: scenes of experiments and new machinery as well as the beginning of the industrial revolution.† (Khan Academy, n.d.) During the Renaissance period some importantRead MoreSports of the Renaissance Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesaffordable. During the Renaissance period, many sports were evolved and took a turn for the better. Although many sports were introduced during the Renaissance period; football, lawn bowling, and tennis were the three main sports that influenced today’s time period the most. The Renaissance period was a time of change and rebirth. During this period, the rise of the Middle Class occurred. With the Middle Class being more involved, sports became popular as times of gathering. 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Poverty Is A Symbol Of Hope And Prosperity - 1863 Words

America has always prided itself in being a symbol of hope and prosperity in the world. America , as a country, has gone through many trials and tribulations to get where it is today; it had to fight for its independence, fight through two World Wars, revive its once demolished stock market, and fight with more countries for some reason or another to further its own goals. As we all know, as America succeeded, it rose to be one of the greatest nations on this planet, but many of the general audience of America and its citizens forget and sometimes deny the problems and flaws this country has had for the past couple of centuries. Gender inequality is a problem that still exists even though there have been many debates and political and†¦show more content†¦Through the literature that exposed these problems to the world, authors such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Arthur Miller had removed the curtains over the people’s eyes and showed the entirety of America. In relation to curtains and Arthur Miller, the American dramas, such as The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire, became quite popular during the twentieth century. However, there are plays that the general public do not quite remember as fondly such as A Long Day’s Journey into Night. This play was written by Eugene O’Neill around the early 1940’s, but he had never released the book until his death in 1956, when the play was eventually published. The play was written for his wife for their twelfth wedding anniversary and to show the world what he had to go through in his life as a young man. The play eventually became a symbol for the problems that actually exist within families; this was fitting for the time since the 1950’s is when the idea of the â€Å"nuclear family† was a popular ideal. This described a family of two parents, the mother was a stay-at-home mom while the father worked in the city, and their two kids, a son and daugh ter. That family was picture-perfect with their apple pies on window sills, white picket fence, and neatly cut lawns. What A Long Day’s Journey Into Night did was it shattered that image and showed that not all families are perfect and happy. The story tells of a family that is made of a drunkard of a father, an ill son with

Issues and Controversies Free Essays

Position Paper Garrett Kaufmann ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES ON FILE Citizenship 2nd Period â€Å"Gun Control† Due 1/14/2013 May 29, 1998 Pages 225-233 I strongly believe that our right to keep and bear arms that was given to us as American citizens in the second amendment of the constitution should be upheld and gun control is not the answer to stopping gun violence. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. – The Second Amendment. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues and Controversies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our nations’ forefathers gave us this right when they signed the constitution of the United States of America September 17, 1787. Although there has been debate over the wording of the amendment and whether it actually means every individual person or only people who belong to a state-regulated militia. I think it is obvious that they meant each individual person. In a December 1989 article in the Yale Law Journal, titled ‘The Embarrassing second amendment’ by scholar Sanford Levinson, a liberal democrat who supports gun control said that â€Å"The second amendment was clearly written to give all citizens, not merely trained soldiers belonging to a militia the right to keep firearms†. Other scholars agreed and noted that in 1792 congress actually passed a militia low to mandate every able-bodied man to arm himself with a musket. The Brady Act is a controversial law which was signed by President Clinton in 1993 and that took effect in 1994 (named for President Reagan’s press secretary who was paralyzed when shot in a 1981 assassination attempt on the president) which requires prospective gun buyers to wait 5 days before they can buy a gun while local law enforcement officials do a background check to make sure anyone who is prohibited from owning a firearm such as convicted felons, minors, druggies or illegal immigrants can’t buy a gun. Although gun control advocates say that laws such as this one are responsible for a drop in gun fatalities and violent crime Tania Metaska , executive director for the National Rifle Association (NRA) rejects this claim and says violent crime began to decline before 1993 and that the background checks and waiting periods are â€Å"Irrelevant to criminals since the vast majority of felons obtain firearms on the black market or through theft, not through dealers affected by the Brady law†. The Supreme Court agreed that the Brady Bill wasn’t the answer when they overturned major portions of the law in the 1997 case â€Å"Printz vs US† when they said the law infringed on state sovereignity rights and it put an unfair burden on local officials. The NRA and other gun-rights groups contend that it is not the Brady law that has helped to spark a nationwide decline in crime but ‘Right to Carry’ or the passing of concealed weapons laws in many states. Florida began the national trend towards more permissive concealed weapon laws in 1987 and since then 30 other states have followed. Florida’s â€Å"Shall Issue† law requires law enforcement officials to immediately issue permits to any eligible applicant, eligible meaning that they don’t have a criminal record or history of serious mental illness. Gun-right advocates say these types of laws are necessary because people need to be able to protect themselves from a high crime rate, a legal system that can’t deep criminals in jail and the lack of resources or manpower of law enforcement to protect them. In surveys of convicted felons, criminals admit that they target victims that they believe to be unarmed and avoid those who might have weapons. A study done between 1977 and 1994 by two researchers at the University of Chicago found much lower crime rates in Illinois counties that allowed concealed weapons, and that murder rates dropped 8. 5%, rapes 5% and aggravated assaults by 7%. In May 1998 15 year old Kip Kinkle fatally shot both his parents then took 3 guns to Thurston High School in Springfield, OR. here he shot 24 students, killing 2 of them. One Month later in Jonesboro, Arkansas two boys were arrested for fatally shooting 5 people and wounding 10 others. Then of course there was the shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary just this last December when 20 year old Adam Lanza shot his mom dead then went to the school and shot and killed 26 people, most of them little kids. School shootings are a horrible tragedy and they only give gun-control groups more ‘ammunition’ f or their argument. I guess I can see their point but I agree with the gun rights advocates when they say it is a mistake to blame guns for all the school shooting. I agree with the saying ‘Guns don’t kill people- people kill people’. I think the people that do these things are sick in the head and that they need mental help and would still probably find a way to hurt people even if they didn’t have access to guns. I’m sure it’s gone up some since this article was written but studies have shown that violence in our nations’ schools is actually pretty rare. A March 1998 White House study found only 10% of all schools reported serious violence. I don’t really feel that I need to carry a gun to protect myself here where I live but if I did live in a big city I would definitely what to have the right to carry a gun to protect myself and my family. But I do love to hunt and I own 5 guns for that purpose. My dad has taught me about gun safety since I was a little kid. I have been through required gun safety training which I think is a good thing. The article states that in many rural areas of our country guns are not regarded by many as an evil, but simply as part of a way of life. In those regions, hunting is a popular sport and learning how to use a gun is often a rite of passage for many young boys and girls. Guns are treated with pride and respect and gun safety is a paramount concern. Because many young people in those regions are exposed to guns at an early age and trained to use them safely, they are much more likely to understand the risks of guns and treat them properly. How to cite Issues and Controversies, Papers

An Explanation of Pulse Code Modulation free essay sample

Everyone has had experiences of quality when dealing with business organizations. These experiences might Involve an airline that has lost a passengers luggage, a dry cleaner that has left clothes wrinkled or stained, poor course offerings and scheduling at your college, a purchased product that Is damaged or broken, or a pizza delivery service that Is often late or delivers the wrong order. The experience of poor quality Is exacerbated when employees of the company either are not empowered to correct quality inadequacies or do not seem willing to do so.We have all encountered service employees who do not seem to care. The consequences of such an attitude are lost customers and opportunities for competitors to take advantage of the market need. The definition of quality depends on the role of the people defining it. Most consumers have a difficult time defining quality, but they know it when they see it. For example, although you probably have an opinion as to which manufacturer of athletic shoes provides the highest quality, It would probably be difficult for you to define your quality standard in precise terms.Also, your friends may have different opinions regarding which athletic shoes are of highest quality. The difficulty In beefing quality exists regardless of product, and this Is true for both manufacturing and service organizations. Think about how difficult It may be to define quality for products such as airline services, child day-care facilities, college classes, or even MM textbooks. Further complicating the issue is that the meaning of quality has changed over time. Today, there is no single universal definition of quality.Some people view quality as performance to standards. Others view it as meeting the customers needs or satisfying the customer. Lets look at some of the more common definitions of quality. Conformance to specifications measures how well the product or service meets the targets and tolerances determined by Its designers. For example, the dimensions of a machine part may be specified by Its design engineers as 3 + or . 05 Inches. This would mean that the target dimension is 3 inches but the dimensions can vary between 2. 5 and 3. 05 inches. Similarly, the wait for hotel room service may be specified as 20 minutes, but there may be an acceptable delay of an additional 10 minutes. Also, consider the amount of light delivered by a 60 watt light bulb. If the bulb delivers 50 watts it does not conform to specifications. As these examples illustrate, conformance to specification is directly measurable, though it may not be directly related to the consumers idea of quality. ; Fitness for use focuses on how well the product performs its intended function or use.For example, a Mercedes Benz and a Jeep Cherokee both meet a fitness for use definition if one considers transportation as the Intended function. However, If the definition becomes more specific and assumes that the intended use Is for transportation on mountain roads and carrying fishing gear, the Jeep Cherokee has a greater fitness for use. You can also see that fitness for use is a user-based definition in that it is intended to meet consumers often use for product or service usefulness. This is the only definition that combines economics with consumer criteria; it assumes that the definition of quality is price sensitive.For example, suppose that you wish to sign up for a personal finance seminar and discover that the same class is being taught at two different colleges at significantly different tuition rates. If you take the less expensive seminar, you will feel that you have received greater value for the price. ; Support services revived are often how the quality of a product or service is Judged. Quality does not apply only to the product or service itself; it also applies to the people, processes, and organizational environment associated with it.For example, the quality of a university is Judged not only by the quality of staff and course offerings, but also by the efficiency and accuracy of processing paperwork. ; Psychological criteria is a subjective definition that focuses on the Judgmental evaluation of what constitutes product or service quality. Different factors contribute to the evaluation, such as the atmosphere of the environment or the perceived prestige of the product. For example, a hospital patient may receive average health care, but a very friendly staff may leave the impression of high quality.Similarly, we commonly associate certain products with excellence because of their reputation; Role watches and Mercedes- Benz automobiles are examples. Differences Between Manufacturing and Service Organizations Defining quality in manufacturing organizations is often different from that of services. Manufacturing organizations produce a tangible product that can be seen, touched, and directly measured. Examples include cars, CD players, clothes, computers,and food items. Therefore, quality definitions in manufacturing usually focus on tangible product features. The most common quality definition in manufacturing is conformance, which is the degree to which a product characteristic meets preset standards. Other common definitions of quality in manufacturing include performance-?such as acceleration of a vehicle; reliability-?that the product will function as expected without failure; features-?the extras that are included beyond the basic characteristics; durability-? expected operational life of the reduce; and serviceability-?how readily a product can be repaired. The relative importance of these definitions is based on the preferences of each individual customer.It is easy to see how different customers can have different definitions in mind when they speak of high product quality. In contrast to manufacturing, service organizations produce a product that is intangible. Usually, the complete product cannot be seen or touched. Rather, it is experienced. Examples include delivery of health care, experience of staying at a vacation resort, and learning at a university. The intangible nature of the product makes defining quality difficult. Also, since a service is experienced, perceptions can be highly subjective.In addition to tangible factors, quality of services is often defined by perceptual factors. These include responsiveness to customer needs, courtesy and friendliness of staff, promptness in resolving complaints, and atmosphere. Other definitions of quality in services include time-?the amount of time a customer has to wait for the service; and consistency-? quality in services can be especially challenging. Todays customers demand and expect high quality. Companies that do not make quality a priority risk long-run survival.World-class organizations such as General Electric and Motorola attribute their success to having one of the best quality management programs in the world. These companies were some of the first to implement a quality program called, Six- Sigma, where the level of defects is reduced to approximately 3. 4 parts per million. To achieve this, everyone in the company is trained in quality. For example, individuals highly trained in quality improvement principles and techniques receive a designation called Black Belt. The full-time Job f Black Belts is to identify and solve quality problems. In fact, Motorola was one of the first companies to win the prestigious Malcolm Baldrics National Quality Award in 1988, due to its high focus on quality. Both GE and Motorola have had a primary goal to achieve total customer satisfaction. To this end, the efforts of these organizations have included eliminating almost all defects from products, processes, and transactions. Both companies consider quality to be the critical factor that has resulted in significant increases in sales and market share, as well as cost savings in the range of millions of dollars.

The Royal Crypts Of Copan Essay Research free essay sample

The Royal Crypts Of Copan Essay, Research Paper The Royal Crypts of Copan In his article The Royal Crypts of Copan, George Stuart explores the ruins of the Mayan civilization. Along with Kenneth Garrett, Christopher Klein, and an archaeological squad from the University of Pennsylvania Museum, this Chairman of the Committee for Research and Exploration at National Geographic leads his readers through a arresting circuit of the ancient crypts in Honduras. His article can be found in the December 1997 issue of National Geographic ( Volume 192, No. 6 ) , between pages 68 and 93. George Stuart # 8217 ; s first geographic expedition of the metropolis of Copan occurred 25 old ages before, in 1962, when he immediately fell in love with the architecture and graphics of the Mayan people. The find of the remains of a really of import Mayan King caused Stuart to return to the site in late 1997. The writer made it really clear that he had a certain fond regard with this topographic point, and was really aroused to hold an alibi to return. We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Crypts Of Copan Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The find was that of the remains of K # 8217 ; inich Yax K # 8217 ; uk # 8217 ; Mo # 8217 ; , Sun-eyed Green Quetzal Macaw, the god-king who was revered and referred to in fabrications as # 8220 ; the laminitis # 8221 ; . Scholars believe that he was a Godhead who founded Copan after the ruin of his hometown ( believed to be someplace in the northern part of the Mayan district ) . It is besides believed that he is the King who established the dynasty that ruled the part for over 400 old ages. The metropolis of Copan is located a few stat mis east of boundary line between Honduras and Guatemala. This metropolis was the cardinal land during the Maya Classic period, between 400 and 850 AD. There stands the Acropolis, a big construction utilized by the Mayan people for parties, assemblages, and spiritual ceremonials. There was a ball tribunal, where a soccer-style game was held, suites for ritual nuptialss, and even secret courtyards where spiritual ceremonials, ascendant worship and vision pursuits would take topographic point. The Acropolis was built on top of 80 million three-dimensional pess of fill, and located right following to the Copan River. It is believed that each of the 16 male monarchs during the Copan dynasty added to what their predecessor had completed in his life-time. The focal point of the article, nevertheless, is on the crypts that are hidden in the many hills beneath and environing the Acropolis. For over 150 old ages archaeologists have been unearthing the Acropolis and the many graves below, but this find may turn out to be the most important to all old findings. All archaeological work done in this country over the past few decennaries has found images and icons mentioning to a great # 8220 ; laminitis # 8221 ; , a god-king who is credited with the success of the Mayas. This find will assist archaeologists to make full in the spreads on many inquiries that remain about the Mayan civilization. The article goes on to depict a room in the Acropolis that has been nicknamed Rosalila, merely below Unit 16 on the digging site, where the organic structure of a adult female of royal personage was discovered. She was buried on a rectangle-shaped rock with over 10,000 jade beads around her lower legs, all right engraved jade beads, haematite and cinnabar were around her cervix, and many letterings picturing K # 8217 ; inich Yax K # 8217 ; uk # 8217 ; Mo # 8217 ; around her grave. This topographic point was revisited by many coevalss of Mayas, which would take to the idea that she was really of import to their civilization. It has besides been discovered that she has cicatrixs on her pelvic bone, as to demo that she had at least one kid during her life. Archeologists now believe that she was the married woman and widow of the laminitis, and that would do her into the Queen Mother for the 15 coevalss that followed her husband’s regulation. As I stated earlier, this site seemingly holds great important value to the writer, for he spends a great trade of clip depicting each image that appears, so as to non free any of the thaumaturgy or enigma that is sealed in each shooting. Many are images of hieroglyphics and long accounts as to what is depicted in them. Some are merely images of the grave themselves, and the hoarded wealths that are buried in them. Each image, nevertheless, has an obvious deep significance to the writer # 8217 ; s survey. The cover image of the narrative shows the skeletal remains of the laminitis. It is an astonishing shooting, demoing the castanetss that are now a ruddy colour from the cinnabar ( mercurous acid ) that was coated on the dead organic structure before the entombment. Cinnabar was sacred to the Mayas, and it is thought that they believed the ruddy colour to typify the Sun lifting in the E, or even resurrection itself. Both the laminitis and the female # 8217 ; s organic structures were covered with this, turn outing that the Mayas did believe these people to be really great. The image shows the male monarch as he was found in his crypt, with many cherished rocks around him, all turning ruddy from the cinnabar. Other images in the article demo how the archaeologists work so difficult to continue the castanetss and artefacts that they find. It shows glances of the delicate attention that they take to clean and hive away everything they remove and how they try to patch together skeletons and artefacts that have been damaged over 100s of old ages of environmental anguish. My favourite images, nevertheless, were the two cutaways of the Acropolis, demoing the many graves and passageways that both the Mayas and the archaeologists used to research the great construction. Artists have taken a great trade of clip working to pull a existent life representation of what the Acropolis looked like in its yearss of glorification. I feel that the writer is coming to the decision that the Mayan Culture is of the most of import facets of our history. We have frequently heard that history repetitions itself, so we can handle the information that we have gained about that civilization as a valuable lesson, so that we might non reiterate their errors. Granted, I don # 8217 ; t see excessively many people traveling around offering panther forfeits to the Sun God today, but I do believe that there are many similarities between their civilization and some of the civilizations that we see today. Archeology has ever been one of my involvements, and that is why I chose this article. I enjoy larning about past civilisations, what their strengths and failings were, and largely, what sort of engineerings they utilized to do themselves so great. The fact that a male monarch # 8217 ; s remains can be found and restored about 1500 old ages after he died is really challenging, and I truly believe that the more that we learn about them, so the more we can larn about ourselves.

Well Done Personal Essay - Sample Essay

Three times a week after school I go visit my dad. When I enter the hospital room where he has lain in a coma since his accident, my eyes often wander to the lone golf ball my mom placed at his bedside. Just six months ago, my father was driving a golf cart across the street that bisects the local golf course when he was hit by a car. He suffered severe brain injury, and the doctors have ruled out any possibility of him waking up again. When I look at him lying in bed, frail but peaceful as if he were asleep, its hard not to dwell on the what ifs: what if he hadnt played golf that day? What if he hadnt been behind the fence when the black Camry plowed into it? What if I still had the chance to ask all those questions that choke me up when I see him in the hospital? I cant pretend that I have developed enough distance from the event to draw conclusions about life, but I am already beginning to see myself in very different terms.Ironically, through this accident my dad has given a chan ce to face reality head-on. Before the accident, my relationship with him was warm but fraught with tension. He never seemed satisfied with what I did and reprimanded me for every wrong step I took. He had strong opinions about my hairstyle, clothes, friends, and—above everything else—my academic performance. When I was not sitting at my desk in my room, he invariably asked me why I had nothing to do and told me I should not procrastinate. He stressed that if I missed my teenage years of studying, I would regret it later. He didnt like me going out with my friends, so I often ended up staying at home—I was never allowed to sleep over at other students homes. All I remember from my past high school years is going to school and coming back home. I was confused by my parents overprotective attitude, because they emphasized independence yet never actually gave me a chance to be independent.In terms of career, my dad often lectured me about which ones are acceptable and which are not. He worried incessantly about whether I would ever get into college, and he often made me feel as if he would never accept my choices. Rather than standing up for myself, I simply assumed that if I studied hard, he would no longer be disappointed in me. Although I tried hard, I never seemed to get it quite right; he always found fault with something. As if that werent enough, he frequently compared me to my over-achieving older brother, asking me why I couldnt be more like him. I must admit that at times I even questioned whether my dad really loved me. After all, he never expressed admiration for what I did, and my attempts to impress him were always in vain.In retrospect, I dont think I fully understood what he was trying to tell me. These days, when I come home to an empty house, it strikes me just how dependent on my parents care and support I have been so far. Now that my dad is in the hospital and my mom is always working, I see that I must develop the streng th to stand alone one day. And, for the very first time, I now realize that this is exactly what my dad was trying to make me see. I understand that he had a big heart, even though he didnt always let it show; he was trying to steer me in the right direction, emphasizing the need to develop independence and personal strength. He was trying to help me see the world with my own eyes, to make my own judgments and decide for myself what I would eventually become. When my dad was still with us, I took all of his advice the wrong way. I should not have worried so much about living up to my parents expectations; their only expectation of me, after all, is that I be myself.In mapping out my path to achieving my independence, I know that education will allow me to build on the foundations with which my parents have provided me. My academic interests are still quite broad, but whereas I was once frustrated by my lack of direction, I am now excited at the prospect of exploring several fields b efore focusing on a particular area. Strangely, dealing with my fathers accident has made me believe that I can tackle just about any challenge. Most importantly, I am more enthusiastic about my education than ever before. In embarking on my college career, I will be carrying with me my fathers last gift and greatest legacy: a new desire to live in the present and the confidence to handle whatever the future might bring.CommentsThis essay does a good job of evincing the applicants concern for others, confidence, insight, maturity, optimism, and success in working to overcome a very difficult situation. The students language brings across genuine emotion without falling prey to melodrama. The introduction, though somewhat sorrowful, ends with a focused statement on how the accident has propelled the student to reassess himself, his relationship with his father, and his life in general.The essay does an excellent job of building upon previous points and moving the reader toward the co nclusion. The flow and coherence do not waver, keeping the readers attention focused. The student is able to display how he has changed from a naà ¯ve, confused child into a mature, understanding young man (I was confused by my parents overprotective attitude†¦I must admit that at times I even questioned whether my dad really loved me†¦I see that I must develop the strength to stand alone one day.).The conclusion ties the material back to education without making the reader feel sorry for the writer. The student is strong, not dwelling upon the unfortunate nature of his circumstances, but rather focusing upon how he is using and will use his fathers condition as a motivating force in his life. The piece ends on an uplifting note, showing the students strong character and maturity.

Louis Lamour essays

Louis L'amour essays Louis LAmour was born on March 22, 1908, in Jamestown, North Dakota. His father, Louis Charles, was a veterinarian and farm machinery salesman and was also involved in local politics. Charles served as alderman of Jamestowns largest ward for many years as well as deputy sheriff, but he lost his mayoral race. LAmour married Katherine Elizabeth Adams, on February 19, 1956. They had two children: Beau Dearborn and Angelique Gabrielle (Contemporary Authors, 25). Young Louie enjoyed playing cowboys and Indians, and roughhoused in the family barn. He did more than his share of reading, particularly G.A. Henty, an Englishman who wrote of wars through the nineteenth century. His work ethic was instilled by his parents. The LAmour family library encompassed some five hundred books, among them the works of Whittier, Lowell, Longfellow, and Poe, as well as popular American and English writers. The youngest of the LAmour children, Louie remembered reading a five-volume Colliers History of the World while he was small enough to sit in his fathers lap. His serious reading began at twelve with a collection of biographies titled The Genius of Solitude. A book of natural history followed, which he tried unsuccessfully to locate years later for his children (Contemporary Authors, 25). During adolescence, LAmour immersed himself in books of chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and the history of aircraft. His concentrated self-education resulted in boredom with school. LAmour left school and Jamestown at fifteen, after completing the tenth grade. Since crop failures were common in North Dakota, and his fathers livelihood was linked to the farming community, he decided to find his niche elsewhere. By hitchhiking and riding the rails, he arrived in Oklahoma City to visit an older brother, who was the governors secretary, but he soon moved on (Hall). By then I was ...

International Marketing (report 3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Marketing (report 3) - Essay Example The population of Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Canberra comes to about 10.1 million people. The expected market will be 374,535/10.1 million, which is about 3.74 percent of the total population. The density rate of population in developed areas is 1.2% yearly. Data as of 2010 posted the 89% urban population with 1.2% rate of urbanization. The expected sale in five years will be calculated by taking the target market which is male’s surfers and multiplying with the price of one surf board. Assuming one surfboard is $300. The expected sales will be $300 *374,535 =$112,360,500 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012). Currently there are over 4000 stores selling competitive surfboards in Australia. Since the product is innovative, no other products have been introduced to the Australian market with such advanced technology and extremely limited direct competition. The target market with regard to income of the intelligent surfboard will be part of the 78% of Australians employed and more specifically, the 58% of households earning over $41,000 per year (Yellow Social Media Report 2012). The production costs of competitors vary from $400-$1500. The marketing budget was determined based on the average disposable household income. It was calculated by the income that a single person household would require maintaining the same standard of living was $848 per week (Wilson & Bell 2004). The average amount that an Australian household spends on all sporting goods a year is at $123.24. It will be obtained by adding all the marginal costs plus net contribution. From estimation we obtain; The figure obtained is equivalent to the average amount an Australian surfer spends in surfing. The contribution is adjusted to satisfy the average customer. Average number of units produced per year becomes 10,700 i.e. 112,360,500/ (5*2100). Advertising and publicity costs of Internet and social media will meet 79% of large businesses

Beethoven- family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Beethoven- family - Essay Example This placed a lot of pressure on Beethoven at the young age of 17 because he took it upon himself to look after his two younger brothers. Because there was little family income, Beethoven began playing viola in the court orchestra; this provided him with enough to take care of himself, his alcoholic father, and his two younger brothers. A few months after Beethoven left the family home to once again pursue his music career, he learned of his father’s death. Later on in his life, Beethoven’s younger brother, Carl, died from tuberculosis. Beethoven had contributed a great deal while Carl was ill. After his brother died, Beethoven attempted to gain custody of his nephew (Carl’s son), Karl, but Carl’s wife, Johanna, refused to allow Beethoven to do so. A long and bitter legal dispute followed, with Beethoven eventually granted sole custody. Beethoven was very controlling of Karl’s activities. Perhaps as a result of this treatment, Karl attempted suicide but did not succeed. After this, Karl recuperated under the care of his mother, and Beethoven had little contact with Karl until his death in March of

Impact of the US Media on Public Attitudes

Impact of the US Media on Public Attitudes The impact of the media on public opinion, in countries across the globe, including the United States, is the subject of a growing body of academic and public discourse. The media has grown to become the main conduit for the publics understanding of world events. If the media can be said to provide wide-ranging and balanced coverage of news events there seems little or no problem of negative influence on public opinion. However, the belief in the neutrality of media coverage is not without its critics and the manipulation of news affects the attitudes and behaviours of those it is aimed at, namely the wider American public. The following argument will espouse the view that the media in the current period of time do have an influence on public attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, the media are in turn influenced by external factors, which can result in the manipulation of public opinion for means preferable to the ruling establishment and business. Before embarking on a definitive answer to this question one must firmly establish definitions that will be used throughout the essay. The first issue is whether or not we can identify and employ the term media as if it were a single entity. This essay will adopt the position that media in this circumstance pertains to the news media of electronic and print journalism. There are of course vast differences between the coverage of news networks such as CNN and newspaper publication such as The New York Times. However, the argument for the all-encompassing use of the term is persuasive. Timothy Cook, for example, explains that the strong similarities of news processes and news content across modalities (television, newspapers, and newsmagazines), size of organization, national or local audiences, etc., point to the news media as a single institution (Cook 1998, p. 84). Thus, for the purposes of this analysis the term media will be taken to represent a monolithic structure encompassing b roadcast, print and digital formats. On a further point of clarity it is necessary to establish the meaning of political attitudes and behaviours. Without resorting to a dictionary definition the distinction here appears to be with peoples thoughts, private or public, and actions, such as the physical act of voting. The measuring of public opinion is complex and has been researched and discussed thoroughly elsewhere. This essay will utilise the existing literature to establish that the media does have an effect on public attitudes and will as such go on to analyse the nature of the influences. The reliance upon the media for information is a key factor in understanding its influence. In his discussion of the issue Timothy Cook states that in the United States, the privately owned news media are relied upon to provide communication from the elite to the public, as well as within the public as a whole (Cook 1998, p. 82). This reliance places the media in a powerful position of mediating not only between the American public but also between the citizens and the state. Despite the multiplicity of news outlets the content, as noted above also by Cook, is often largely similar. The effect of dominant stories being emitted across the media spectrum is one of influencing the political and other attitudes and behaviour of the American public. In his article on the subject Donald Jordan reaches the conclusion that in both newspaper items and television broadcasts experts and commentators wield heavy influence (Jordan 1993, p. 191). The crux of their influence comes in the empowering of the media, by the public, who tend to place a great deal of weight upon the importance of the news stories that reach the front page or television screen. In turn the political importance placed upon this by the public comes as the public seek to judge the stance of politicians on the issues in the media, regardless of whether the said politicians are linked to the news event (Cook 1998, p. 126). It is this perceived influence that in reverse drives politicians to respond even if the issue does not react strongly. In addition to placing a degree of importance on news stories that reach them via the media, there is also reason to suggest that the American public believe what the media say about an issue. Indeed, Hustler publisher Larry Flynt argues that many Americans buy into the newss propaganda on a nightly basis (Flynt 2004, p. 183). If one takes buy into to mean agree with or accept as fact the influence of the media becomes apparent, [t]he reporter is the recorder of government but he is also a participant (Cater in Cook 1998, p. 1). The media, under these assumptions, cannot be viewed as the benign distributors of news, but also the selectors of news and the formers of opinion. The main argument against the above description is that of active audience analysis. This approach contends that audiences routinely interpret corporate messages in ways that suit their own needs, not that of media proprietors or advertisers. However, this argument itself is disputed by those suggesting this dismisses the cumulative effect of repetitive media messages (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 194). The traditional argument is that the media serves the public well as a force for their democratic right to know (Taylor 1997, p. 1). The American media, and indeed the media of other western democracies, is heralded as a fundamental component of the virtuosity of free speech. In the conflicts against Iraq the rhetoric in the media contrasted the free speech of the media in democratic countries against the state-run media of Husseins Iraq. The irony here is the negated recognition of media censorship by western countries during times of conflict. More worryingly this censorship can often be identified as self-censorship as media organisations seek to remain with the official government and military information channels that dominate the flow of news from the battlefield. In this atmosphere the publics right to know appears to be more akin to the public right to know what the authorities want it to know. Professionalism is also enlisted to support the assertion that the media is acting upon the best interests of the public. The argument purported suggests the individual journalists have professional pride in their work and a moral work ethic that counters efforts to influence their output. However, this does not appear to be the case and tainted news stories emerge that influence the public perception of events. The lack of diversity in news sources, as previously referred to in Cooks account, does not reflect the multiplicity of interpretations that professionalism and personal interpretation by individual reporters would suggest. Despite any well-meaning intentions the most used sources of information by journalists are official channels. Journalists also work within the remit of the editorial policies of their institutions and other dominating factors that shape the news agenda. With conformity of opinion and repetition of news stories, combined with a public willingness to place greater emphasis on the importance of events in the news, the power of the American media to influence the public attitudes and behaviour towards issues becomes apparent. The editorial policies of the media appear to be free-chosen ideals, shaped by the political leanings of those in charge. In the case of newspapers, such overt political leanings are accepted if not expected. However, even with such freedom of choice one can argue that the conservative elements of the American establishment dominate the media agenda. Larry Flynt argues the media is dominated by these influences, which are able to insert their message into the media machine: Where did these ideas come from, and why are they so popular? The answers lie in our newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, and in the people who run them. On the right, you have media piranhas who lie, distort, and â€Å"work the ref† until our heads spin. On the left, you have press poodles who either just do what theyre told, or are too reasonable and polite to compete with ranting, conservative lunatics (Flynt 2004, p. 148). With this in mind one can argue the more conservative elements in politics are managing to portray their version of events. If this is the case and the public place greater faith in those messages purported by the media, then the political attitudes and behaviour of the American public can be said to be influenced. The re-election of George Bush, for example, would appear to substantiate such assertions. The increased commercialisation of the industry also plays a part in the influencing of public opinion. As has been noted the maturing of commercial broadcasting not only substitutes entertainment for public service; the U.S. experience suggests that maturation brings with it a decline in variety of viewpoints and increased protection of establishment interests (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 143). News has to be important and interesting, for the viewing public to remain engaged. This brings about the introduction of value-laden assumptions to the selection process as news is filtered by editorial staff to provide entertaining news to keep ratings, and hence advertising revenue, high. Once more the unfiltered, diverse media is actually revealed to be both ideologically and economically sieved to produce a product to engage the public. Any discrepancy from this formula can prove troublesome, as Bernhard asserts, because [p]ointing to the social costs of capitalism is still mistaken fo r disloyalty, or for psychosis (Bernhard 1999, p. 178). The same is true for any criticism of a war effort, with the attackers facing the wrath of media and public criticism if messages are deemed unpatriotic. It is also argued that commercialisation leads to the isolation of the public from the political system. This view is put forward by Herman and McChesney: [T]he commercialisation of broadcasting has further weakened democracy by delocalizing (nationalizing) politics, because, as Gerald Benjamin notes, appeals made in one place or to one group may be immediately communicated regionally or nationally. Thus the distributive politics of particular appeals to particular groups can no longer be made by candidates without their first calculating the possible effects on other groups in their electoral coalitions. The individual is more isolated, political participation tends to be reduced, and the idea of collective social action is weakened (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 147). The political system is altered by the mass reach of media. The individual is weakened and their political attitudes and behaviours are thus altered. Political action at a local level by determined groups is less possible now and the bigger picture much be considered. While the political power of the individual is weakened so too in the breadth of knowledge they attain from the media. Commercialisation and the modern media system have led to the trivialisation of news. Events are edited and selected to appeal as entertainment. The illusion of an informed American public appears justified by the mention of events from afar but, asks Phil Taylor, to what extent this can be said to be the case is debateable: In reality, does the practice of covering world events in twelve column inches or a three-minute news segment encourage prejudice rather than empathy, national pride rather than international harmony, and emotional rather than rational judgements? (Taylor 1997, pp. 1-2). The answer would appear to be yes to each, as while the public are presented with the faà §ade of a multifaceted media machine the content is still highly selective. The outlets may be numerous but the depth is lacking. As the media world moves evermore to the instantaneous and 24-hour news culture the demand to produce a vast quantity of visually-orientated images quickly supersedes any depth of understanding the American public could seek to ascertain. The appeal to emotion does little to stimulate educated discussion upon issues. Instead, if the carefully selected news agenda wishes it can appeal to the public to behave in a way favourable to the governments wishes. For example, during the 1999 Kosovo Conflict the media in the United States and Great Britain played great attention to the human interest stories of Albanian refugees to stir public sympathy for intervention on their behalf. However, the irony was that the chosen form of intervention, solely from the air, while resul ting in no politically damaging allied casualties, did little to stem the flow of refugees. Having referred to conflict one is also inclined to believe that the above interpretation of the media in the context of war may differ. When one takes into account the negative connotations assigned to the medias role during the Vietnam War the relationship would at first appear antagonistic and preclude any bowing on the part of the media to government will. However, the trend for assigning journalists to press pools in the 1990-1 Gulf War demonstrated an effective way of embedding journalists, not only physically, but also mentally with American forces. Cooperation between the media and the government manifested itself in ignoring and attempting to change public opinion, as Phillip Knightley explains: [S]izable minorities in both the United States and Britain were against such a war and although the mainstream media largely ignored their protests, these had to be dampened down unless they gained strength. Hussein had to be demonised. He was painted as being ruthless, another Hitler, a fanatic, deranged, a psychopath, hated by his own people and despised in the Arab world. Further, from the moment his troops had arrived in Kuwait they had committed unspeakable atrocities (Knightley 2001, p. 486). In addition to the restriction of information the media echoed government messages demonising Hussein and his actions. In this respect opposition to the conflict became tantamount to support for Saddam Hussein. Opposition was deemed unpatriotic. By ignoring public protest and presenting this interpretation of events the American public were being shamed into non-verbal opposition and the opinions of proponents of the war were bolstered by the apparent large-scale acceptance of their opinions, as witnessed through the media. Such a perception of events in conflict is at odds with the reality highlighted by Flynt in this and the subsequent conflict in Afghanistan: [W]e had no media with the troops in Afghanistan. Hardly anyone realized that most western reporters were being kept far from the front lines. The war news was being censored. We were being spoon fed commentary and military press releases masquerading as hard news. That was not only an insult to the American people, it was a huge disservice to news coverage in general (Flynt 2004, pp. 162-163). On a subject as emotive as conflict one would expect a mass media to be rife with opinions and conflicting views, representing the fears and worries of a diverse American public. The reverse was in fact true. The media demonstrated in the most tense of times that not only could and would it shape the perception of the conflict to the American people; it was also willing to gloss over public attitudes and expressions of dissent in a misled quest for patriotism in a manner that had historical precursors: In joining forces to sell the Cold War to the American people, government and industry professionals clearly knew they violated precepts of a free and independent press, but they justified it to themselves as a necessary patriotic duty in a fearsome age (Bernhard 1999, p. 179). Military conflict is one arena where the influence of the media is enhanced as the American public thirst for information. However, it also appears to be the occasion when the media is most likely to filter the information it provides. As with military confrontations the influence of media affects not only US public but also beyond. As Edward Herman and Robert McChesney point out the American model for global media is the likely ideal for other world media, as is, arguably, the democratic system of government (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 137). This also includes cultural infiltration of the American way of life with publics of other nations. Herman and McChesney go so far as to state that: We also think it very important to recognize that media effects are inseparable from broader economic, political, and cultural influences, such as external military occupation and rule, foreign indirect rule through sponsored authoritarian regimes†¦ military and police aid and training, economic and financial linkages, and tourism and educational exchanges, all of which are at least as imbalanced as media exports and imports (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 155). In a mass media world, where the reach of information is global, perhaps one should consider not only the influence on the American public, but also the worldwide cultural influence. The impact of the American media on public attitudes and behaviour is great. The media have an unparalleled hold over information dissemination to the wider public and the message, according to many commentators, is all too readily accepted. However the messages portrayed are not the result of individual reportage and endeavour on the part of journalists. The mass media is shaped by government and commercial interests that combine to reduce diverse outlets to the same messages. In times of heightened national interest in the news agenda, such as during conflict, the process is more restricted than normal. In essence the media present the contradiction of a mass, diverse organism that through the widespread regurgitation of similar messages, lends credence to those messages, influencing the publics judgement as to their infallibility. Bibliography Articles Jordan, Donald, Newspaper Effects on Policy Preferences, Political Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 57, 1993, pp. 191-204. Books Bernhard, Nancy, U.S. Television News and Cold War Propaganda, 1947-1960, (Cambridge: 1999). Cook, Timothy, Governing with the News. The News Media as a Political Institution, (London: 1998) Flynt, Larry, Sex, Lies and Politics. The Naked truth about Bush, Democracy and the War on Terror, (London: 2004). Herman, Edward and McChesney, Robert, The Global Media. The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, (London: 1999). Knightley, Phillip, The First Casualty. The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo, (London: 2001). Taylor, Philip, Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945, (London: 1997). The impact of the media on public opinion, in countries across the globe, including the United States, is the subject of a growing body of academic and public discourse. The media has grown to become the main conduit for the publics understanding of world events. If the media can be said to provide wide-ranging and balanced coverage of news events there seems little or no problem of negative influence on public opinion. However, the belief in the neutrality of media coverage is not without its critics and the manipulation of news affects the attitudes and behaviours of those it is aimed at, namely the wider American public. The following argument will espouse the view that the media in the current period of time do have an influence on public attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, the media are in turn influenced by external factors, which can result in the manipulation of public opinion for means preferable to the ruling establishment and business. Before embarking on a definitive answer to this question one must firmly establish definitions that will be used throughout the essay. The first issue is whether or not we can identify and employ the term media as if it were a single entity. This essay will adopt the position that media in this circumstance pertains to the news media of electronic and print journalism. There are of course vast differences between the coverage of news networks such as CNN and newspaper publication such as The New York Times. However, the argument for the all-encompassing use of the term is persuasive. Timothy Cook, for example, explains that the strong similarities of news processes and news content across modalities (television, newspapers, and newsmagazines), size of organization, national or local audiences, etc., point to the news media as a single institution (Cook 1998, p. 84). Thus, for the purposes of this analysis the term media will be taken to represent a monolithic structure encompassing b roadcast, print and digital formats. On a further point of clarity it is necessary to establish the meaning of political attitudes and behaviours. Without resorting to a dictionary definition the distinction here appears to be with peoples thoughts, private or public, and actions, such as the physical act of voting. The measuring of public opinion is complex and has been researched and discussed thoroughly elsewhere. This essay will utilise the existing literature to establish that the media does have an effect on public attitudes and will as such go on to analyse the nature of the influences. The reliance upon the media for information is a key factor in understanding its influence. In his discussion of the issue Timothy Cook states that in the United States, the privately owned news media are relied upon to provide communication from the elite to the public, as well as within the public as a whole (Cook 1998, p. 82). This reliance places the media in a powerful position of mediating not only between the American public but also between the citizens and the state. Despite the multiplicity of news outlets the content, as noted above also by Cook, is often largely similar. The effect of dominant stories being emitted across the media spectrum is one of influencing the political and other attitudes and behaviour of the American public. In his article on the subject Donald Jordan reaches the conclusion that in both newspaper items and television broadcasts experts and commentators wield heavy influence (Jordan 1993, p. 191). The crux of their influence comes in the empowering of the media, by the public, who tend to place a great deal of weight upon the importance of the news stories that reach the front page or television screen. In turn the political importance placed upon this by the public comes as the public seek to judge the stance of politicians on the issues in the media, regardless of whether the said politicians are linked to the news event (Cook 1998, p. 126). It is this perceived influence that in reverse drives politicians to respond even if the issue does not react strongly. In addition to placing a degree of importance on news stories that reach them via the media, there is also reason to suggest that the American public believe what the media say about an issue. Indeed, Hustler publisher Larry Flynt argues that many Americans buy into the newss propaganda on a nightly basis (Flynt 2004, p. 183). If one takes buy into to mean agree with or accept as fact the influence of the media becomes apparent, [t]he reporter is the recorder of government but he is also a participant (Cater in Cook 1998, p. 1). The media, under these assumptions, cannot be viewed as the benign distributors of news, but also the selectors of news and the formers of opinion. The main argument against the above description is that of active audience analysis. This approach contends that audiences routinely interpret corporate messages in ways that suit their own needs, not that of media proprietors or advertisers. However, this argument itself is disputed by those suggesting this dismisses the cumulative effect of repetitive media messages (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 194). The traditional argument is that the media serves the public well as a force for their democratic right to know (Taylor 1997, p. 1). The American media, and indeed the media of other western democracies, is heralded as a fundamental component of the virtuosity of free speech. In the conflicts against Iraq the rhetoric in the media contrasted the free speech of the media in democratic countries against the state-run media of Husseins Iraq. The irony here is the negated recognition of media censorship by western countries during times of conflict. More worryingly this censorship can often be identified as self-censorship as media organisations seek to remain with the official government and military information channels that dominate the flow of news from the battlefield. In this atmosphere the publics right to know appears to be more akin to the public right to know what the authorities want it to know. Professionalism is also enlisted to support the assertion that the media is acting upon the best interests of the public. The argument purported suggests the individual journalists have professional pride in their work and a moral work ethic that counters efforts to influence their output. However, this does not appear to be the case and tainted news stories emerge that influence the public perception of events. The lack of diversity in news sources, as previously referred to in Cooks account, does not reflect the multiplicity of interpretations that professionalism and personal interpretation by individual reporters would suggest. Despite any well-meaning intentions the most used sources of information by journalists are official channels. Journalists also work within the remit of the editorial policies of their institutions and other dominating factors that shape the news agenda. With conformity of opinion and repetition of news stories, combined with a public willingness to place greater emphasis on the importance of events in the news, the power of the American media to influence the public attitudes and behaviour towards issues becomes apparent. The editorial policies of the media appear to be free-chosen ideals, shaped by the political leanings of those in charge. In the case of newspapers, such overt political leanings are accepted if not expected. However, even with such freedom of choice one can argue that the conservative elements of the American establishment dominate the media agenda. Larry Flynt argues the media is dominated by these influences, which are able to insert their message into the media machine: Where did these ideas come from, and why are they so popular? The answers lie in our newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, and in the people who run them. On the right, you have media piranhas who lie, distort, and â€Å"work the ref† until our heads spin. On the left, you have press poodles who either just do what theyre told, or are too reasonable and polite to compete with ranting, conservative lunatics (Flynt 2004, p. 148). With this in mind one can argue the more conservative elements in politics are managing to portray their version of events. If this is the case and the public place greater faith in those messages purported by the media, then the political attitudes and behaviour of the American public can be said to be influenced. The re-election of George Bush, for example, would appear to substantiate such assertions. The increased commercialisation of the industry also plays a part in the influencing of public opinion. As has been noted the maturing of commercial broadcasting not only substitutes entertainment for public service; the U.S. experience suggests that maturation brings with it a decline in variety of viewpoints and increased protection of establishment interests (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 143). News has to be important and interesting, for the viewing public to remain engaged. This brings about the introduction of value-laden assumptions to the selection process as news is filtered by editorial staff to provide entertaining news to keep ratings, and hence advertising revenue, high. Once more the unfiltered, diverse media is actually revealed to be both ideologically and economically sieved to produce a product to engage the public. Any discrepancy from this formula can prove troublesome, as Bernhard asserts, because [p]ointing to the social costs of capitalism is still mistaken fo r disloyalty, or for psychosis (Bernhard 1999, p. 178). The same is true for any criticism of a war effort, with the attackers facing the wrath of media and public criticism if messages are deemed unpatriotic. It is also argued that commercialisation leads to the isolation of the public from the political system. This view is put forward by Herman and McChesney: [T]he commercialisation of broadcasting has further weakened democracy by delocalizing (nationalizing) politics, because, as Gerald Benjamin notes, appeals made in one place or to one group may be immediately communicated regionally or nationally. Thus the distributive politics of particular appeals to particular groups can no longer be made by candidates without their first calculating the possible effects on other groups in their electoral coalitions. The individual is more isolated, political participation tends to be reduced, and the idea of collective social action is weakened (Herman and McChesney 1997, p. 147). The political system is altered by the mass reach of media. The individual is weakened and their political attitudes and behaviours are thus altered. Political action at a local level by determined groups is less possible now and the bigger picture much be considered. While the political power of the individual is weakened so too in the breadth of knowledge they attain from the media. Commercialisation and the modern media system have led to the trivialisation of news. Events are edited and selected to appeal as entertainment. The illusion of an informed American public appears justified by the mention of events from afar but, asks Phil Taylor, to what extent this can be said to be the case is debateable: In reality, does the practice of covering world events in twelve column inches or a three-minute news segment encourage prejudice rather than empathy, national pride rather than international harmony, and emotional rather than rational judgements? (Taylor 1997, pp. 1-2). The answer would appear to be yes to each, as while the public are presented with the faà §ade of a multifaceted media machine the content is still highly selective. The outlets may be numerous but the depth is lacking. As the media world moves evermore to the instantaneous and 24-hour news culture the demand to produce a vast quantity of visually-orientated images quickly supersedes any depth of understanding the American public could seek to ascertain. The appeal to emotion does little to stimulate educated discussion upon issues. Instead, if the carefully selected news agenda wishes it can appeal to the public to behave in a way favourable to the governments wishes. For example, during the 1999 Kosovo Conflict the media in the United States and Great Britain played great attention to the human interest stories of Albanian refugees to stir public sympathy for intervention on their behalf. However, the irony was that the chosen form of intervention, solely from the air, while resul ting in no politically damaging allied casualties, did little to stem the flow of refugees. Having referred to conflict one is also inclined to believe that the above interpretation of the media in the context of war may differ. When one takes into account the negative connotations assigned to the medias role during the Vietnam War the relationship would at first appear antagonistic and preclude any bowing on the part of the media to government will. However, the trend for assigning journalists to press pools in the 1990-1 Gulf War demonstrated an effective way of embedding journalists, not only physically, but also mentally with American forces. Cooperation between the media and the government manifested itself in ignoring and attempting to